The ECG signals of the cardiac dataset, instead, were further processed with a sliding window approach with a window size of 60 s and no overlap. This means that segments with different lengths were processed. In the QDB dataset, where a single quality annotation is available for each ECG segment, such a segment was used for the quality analysis. Firstly, the baseline drift noise was removed from the ECG signals with a 0.5 Hz high-pass Butterworth filter (order = 5). The preprocessing was common to both datasets. The health patch research platform was developed within the TNO Holst Centre to evaluate wearable design considerations, including materials, printed electronics design, manufacturing, system architecture, and modularity of sensor platforms, for clinical diagnosis and monitoring possibilities. The device is also shower-proof to accommodate normal daily usage. The read-out unit has a battery time of seven days, and a sampling rate of 256 Hz for the ECG signal. The re-usable read-out unit interconnected with the flexible patch has accelerometer incorporated for monitoring of motion and activity. Overall, a unique stretchable patch stack allows the skin to breathe and to adapt to the shape of the human body, with all material in contact with the body ISO 10993 certified for biocompatibility. These electrodes are integrated with screen-printed flexible and stretchable conducting circuitry, printed on conformable thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate (at the Holst Centre manufacturing facilities). For this study, the platform was optimized with the disposable part containing three self-adhesive dry electrodes for acquiring single-lead ECG signals within a bipolar format with increased activity and longer duration in mind. The Vital Signs patch research platform, Figure 1, consists of a disposable sensing patch and a re-usable read-out module (see Figure 2, which shows assembled patch and marks a disposable part and a re-usable part). Self-adhesive dry electrode technology was used and the overall patch was designed to be thin, durable, and lightweight for use in all daily activities. accessed on 20 January 2023) was used to ensure optimized skin–electrode contact for longer-term wear within a hybrid printed electronic format. Within this study, a Vital Signs patch research platform (TNO Holst Centre. Studies show that dry electrodes behave better in terms of impedance and noise reduction performance than Ag/AgCl electrodes if properly shielded. Therefore, self-adhesive dry electrodes have been explored as alternatives since they can extend the duration of monitoring. Wet resistive gel electrodes will dehydrate after a few days of usage, eventually limiting long-term usability and reducing the quality of the signal over time. In the past few years, sensors and technologies have been proposed to allow monitoring of patients at home and in everyday activities, with the majority being single-lead ECG solutions (also known as health patches), which in most cases rely on using wet resistive gel electrodes. These results can improve CVD diagnosis and AF detection in real-world scenarios. It was observed that the quality was higher during the nights, confirming the link with motion artifacts. In particular, we provide insights into signal quality degradation over time, while changes in the average ECG quality per day were present, these changes were not statistically significant. This paper analyzes the signal quality of ECG signals obtained using a single-lead ECG patch featuring self-adhesive dry electrode technology collected from six cardiac patients for 5 days. ECG monitoring patches allowing ambulatory patient monitoring over several days represent a novel technology, while we witness a significant proliferation of ECG monitoring patches on the market and in the research labs, their performance over a long period of time is not fully characterized. Therefore, developing technologies and tools to diagnose CVD in a timely way and detect AF is an important research topic. When implemented in the healthcare system this can ease the existing socio-economic burden on health institutions and government. Early and timely diagnosis of CVD is essential for successful treatment. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a serious health problem worldwide, of which atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common conditions.
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